Angione is currently working on a device that could dramatically improve the situation. Specifically, she has developed an electronic chip that will be integrated into a sensing platform and used as a disposable diagnostic tool.

“I’m trying to develop a rapid and accurate test to detect and identify bacteria,” she explains. “The active layer of the chip is a molecularly engineered biopolymeric material with specific functionalities in a multi-array setting. It will enable clinicians to determine the appropriate antibiotic therapy in multiple infections and diseases, potentially improving the clinical outcomes for patients and reducing the inappropriate use of antibiotics.” 

With a background in electronic device development, advanced materials development and biomolecules, Angione is drawing on an interesting blend of expertise. The upshot is that her device is like nothing else on the market today.

She thinks the tool could one day be marketed, enabling a DIY approach to diagnosis.

“In ten years' time what I’d love is this technology to be available not only in the hospitals, not only to be used by clinicians and GPs, but available for everybody in the pharmacy,” she says. “Anyone who needs it could go and buy a disposable chip in the same way as we currently buy a pregnancy test, and would be able to use it at home. Then if needed, they could get an antibiotic prescription or an antiviral therapy prescribed by the GP.”

While this goal may sound like a pipe dream, it could become reality in the not too distant future. Angione’s work has already reached a good stage of maturity and is beginning to generate commercial interest.

“We are running some preclinical trials, working in collaboration with clinicians and talking to many companies here in Ireland,” she says. “The technology is performing quite well so far. While we were running the market feasibility study we got in touch with a few world-leading pharmaceutical companies and they expressed a huge interest.”

Of course, she doesn’t anticipate that bringing the device to market will be an easy ride. Since it is so unlike the others out there, and the underlying technology is so disruptive, it may be harder to convince pharmaceutical companies of its competitiveness.

On top of that, there may be a number of societal barriers to dismantle before the technology can be widely accepted.

“The first barrier that I see is related to the patients – they may have some expectations when they go to the GP, and clinicians might be reluctant to update their traditional approach that has been in use for so many years,” she says. “Also, the pharmaceutical companies need to produce new antibiotics but they have little funding to invest in this area. So it’s not just the development of the technology that is a challenge.”

All this said, she holds high hopes for the future, pointing out that the device’s advantages speak for themselves. As it uses integrated circuits and low-cost electronic components, it is not only sensitive but cheap and easy to make. This means it could be suitable for use in remote, low-income markets, as well as being  available in pharmacies.

“It could facilitate diagnosis and enable a targeted therapeutic plan at an early stage of bacterial or viral infection, reducing the healthcare cost,” she explains.

In the short term, she’s hoping to work together with industry and clinicians to source more funding.

“Of course it’s a long process, but there are a few opportunities so I’m hoping to get more funding and to develop tools to validate the technology, bringing it to the market as soon as possible,” she says. “We hope that this interest will generate the support required to advance the technology to a point of commercialisation in the next five years.”

Only a few decades ago, Costa Rica was principally known for its agricultural exports of products such as fruits, coffee and sugar, but since the late 1990s, the country has made great strides in educating its workforce and nurturing new high-tech and service-based sectors, including consumer electronics, finance and tourism.

“What put Costa Rica on the map a long time ago was an investment by Intel [in 1997],” says Pilar Madrigal, head of investment promotion at the Costa Rican Investment Promotion Agency (CINDE). “That was the first high-tech industry to set up big operations in the country.”

But, as demonstrated by Intel’s decision to downsize its Costa Rican business in 2014, consumer electronics and other sectors are known for their cyclical nature. Having already secured the investment of medical equipment giant Baxter, which set up operations in the country in 1987, medical devices were targeted as a key sector for Costa Rica’s ongoing economic diversification in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

“We needed to make sure that we found, as a country, an industry that we knew was going to be a very stable industry in terms of growth,” says Madrigal. “We knew that with the forecast of the medical device and healthcare industry, this was an industry that would clearly prove to be very stable. So we started working on a strategy to promote, leveraging Baxter’s experience in the country, and start attracting a number of other companies along the same path as Baxter.”

Jumping forward to 2018, the progress of the medical device sector in Costa Rica is impressive. Medical equipment exports from Costa Rica have tripled since 2007, says Madrigal, and last year the life sciences industry overtook agriculture to become the country’s top export, with a combined export value of just under $3bn and comprising 27% of Costa Rica’s outgoing trade. The country is second only to Mexico as a medical device exporter in Latin America.

Over the years, the Costa Rican medical device industry has expanded and diversified, with growing sophistication in the devices manufactured locally.

“We used to be pretty much just disposables, and today we have a very good balance between disposables, medical and surgical instruments, therapeutic devices, and now we’re going into diagnostic equipment,” Madrigal notes. “Cardio medical devices are by far the largest export in the country, but we have orthopaedics, we have diagnostic equipment, we have endoscopy, neuromodulation, infusion systems, optics – so we really have diversified. We typically say that we cover the whole body.”

Today’s medical device sector in Costa Rica is made up more than 70 companies, including major multinational players such as Baxter, Medtronic, Allergan, Boston Scientific and Hologic. So how has the country lured such a large and diverse field of foreign investors?

First and foremost, unsurprisingly, is a powerful fiscal incentive. Under Costa Rica’s free trade zone incentive system, new medical technology firms are able to operate tax-free for a number of years, providing leeway to establish their operations and find their feet.

“[The tax exemption] is granted by the law, so it’s not something that is negotiated company-by-company,” Madrigal says. “It really allows the companies to forecast their finances based on a tax exemption status.”

Other factors are related to Costa Rica’s high standards of education, which has boosted the country’s pool of skilled labour, perfect for a highly regulated industry that must conform to exacting quality measures. Costa Rica has even established – in conjunction with the University of Minnesota – Latin America’s first Master’s degree in medical devices.

“Costa Rica has dedicated at least 8% of our GDP to education,” says Madrigal. “That has led to having the ideal labour force that is highly educated, that is easily trainable, and that understands the demands of the medical device industry.”

Costa Rica also benefits from its geographic location, with strong links to the US and Europe, as well as generally high fluency in English in the population, which explains the heavy presence of US-based companies in the market.

“Part of the reason we’ve become a hub is because we currently have a network of free-trade agreements that make us partners with around 50 different countries,” says Madrigal. “We access a large amount of GDP from Costa Rica. So today, that open economy has allowed the country to manufacture those medical devices and export them globally.”

Each year, CINDE organises the Life Sciences Forum Costa Rica to bring the industry together and discuss the prevailing issues and opportunities in medical equipment and technology. This year’s event will take place in October – so what is on the sector’s mind this year? As is par for the course in virtually any industry in the 21^st century, digital dominates the discussion.

“We know that there is a big change in the global healthcare system, in which there’s a convergence between digital technology and AI and cybersecurity, and the medical device industry,” Madrigal says. “So it’s the convergence of IT and medical devices. That is really the focus of the Life Sciences Forum.”

Working out how to leverage connected technologies and machine learning in next-generation devices is up to the industry, but as far as the Costa Rican Government is concerned, providing a stable regulatory and operational background for these developments is the core consideration.

April’s run-off general elections saw Carlos Alvarado Quesada take power, with the presidency retained by the centre-left Citizens’ Action Party. In a period prone to shock election and referendum results, Alvarado’s victory represents a comforting continuity for medical device manufacturers.

“We actually just recently had an event with all the different multinationals, not only medical devices,” Madrigal says. “The president was there along with his economic team. The message is firstly reiterating the commitment to attracting foreign direct investment, and secondly, the stability of the incentive systems that the country grants. There is no expectation at all that this government will change any of the rules.”

Looking to the future, Madrigal says the country expects to increase its annual medical device export value from around $3bn now to $5bn by 2020, an ambitious goal that might well be achievable on the evidence of the sector’s soaring rise so far. The industry’s wave of M&A may help, says Madrigal, by exposing more companies to the country through acquisitions of firms with Costa Rican operations.

Even so, organisations such as CINDE remain tireless in their efforts to improve the country’s competitiveness to medical device investors.

“We have been working on understanding the global incentives that are given in competitive countries, and we are working on potentially visualising to the government some incentives that are more on the innovation side,” Madrigal says. “It’s in the early stages, and we work very closely with our Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Commerce, and clearly the president of the country. We see nothing but positive things for the industry in our country.”